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Vitamin E
Vitamin E, along with other standard treatments, may also be beneficial for the following:
Slowing the aging of cells and tissues
Protecting from frostbite and other cold-induced injuries
Diminishing the negative effects of environmental pollutants
Improving anemia
Speeding wound and burn healing
Reducing scarring
Lowering blood pressure
Slowing progression of Parkinson's disease
Easing premenstrual discomfort, especially breast tenderness
Treating lupus
Replacing necessary nutrients in those with inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis
Avoiding miscarriage (also called spontaneous abortion), which may be associated with very low levels of this nutrient
Helping weight gain and relieving oxidative stress in those with HIV or AIDS
Dietary Sources:
The richest source of vitamin E is wheat germ. Other foods that contain a significant amount of vitamin E include liver, eggs, nuts (almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts); sunflower seeds; corn-oil margarine; mayonnaise; cold-pressed vegetable oils, including olive, corn, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, and canola; dark green leafy vegetables like spinach and kale; greens (beet, collard, mustard, turnip) sweet potatoes; avocado, asparagus and yams.
Available Forms:
Vitamin E refers to a family of eight related fat soluble compounds, the tocopherols and tocotrienols (in four different forms, alpha, beta, delta and gamma) Dosages are usually listed in international units (IUs). There are both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E. Health care providers usually recommend natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol) or natural mixed tocopherols. The synthetic form is called dl-alpha-tocopherol.
Some clinicians prefer mixed tocopherols because it most closely represents whole foods.
Most vitamin E supplements are fat-soluble. However, water soluble E is available for people who have trouble absorbing fat, such as people with pancreatic insufficiency and cystic fibrosis.
Vitamin E is available in softgels, tablets, capsules, and topical oils. Doses for oral vitamin E generally range from 50 IU to 1,000 IU.
Precautions
Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of a knowledgeable healthcare provider.
Vitamin E should be taken together with another antioxidant called selenium.
The Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL) for alpha-tocopherol is set at 1000 mg (1500 IU). Doses higher than this can cause nausea, gas, diarrhea, heart palpitations, and increase the tendency to bleed.
It is especially important that those who have high blood pressure or who are taking blood-thinners such as warfarin check with a healthcare provider before taking vitamin E supplements.
There is some concern that a diet rich in fish oil taken for many months may induce a deficiency of vitamin E. People who eat a diet high in fish or who take fish oil supplements may want to consider taking vitamin E supplements.
Possible Interactions
If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use vitamin B6 supplements without first talking to your healthcare provider.
Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of the antidepressant desimpramine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as tricyclics. Other members of that class include imipramine and nortriptyline.
Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake by cells of the antipsychotic medication called chlorpromazine, which belongs to a class of drugs known as phenothiazines.
A study evaluating the effects of vitamin E and aspirin suggests that the combination appears to be safe and may benefit patients at risk for stroke.
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Vitamin E may protect against toxicity and side effects from AZT, a medication used to treat HIV and AIDS.
Vitamin E inhibits the uptake by cells of propranolol, a member of a class of medications called beta blockers used for high blood pressure. Other beta-blockers include atenolol and metoprolol.
Vitamin E may provide antioxidant benefits to women taking birth control medications.
Vitamin E can inhibit the uptake into cells of chloroquine, a medication used to treat malaria.
Cholesterol-lowering medications such as colestipol and cholestyramine, called bile-acid sequestrants, decrease the absorption of vitamin E. Gemfibrozil, a different type of cholesterol-lowering medication called a fibric acid derivative, may also reduce vitamin E levels. A third class of medications used to lower cholesterol levels known as statins (such as atorvastatin, pravastatin, and lovastatin), may reduce the antioxidant activity of vitamin E. On the other hand, the combination of vitamin E supplements with statins may help protect blood vessels from dysfunction.
Vitamin E may interact with cyclosporine, a medication used to treat cancer, reducing the effectiveness of both the supplement and the medication. However, there appears to be some controversy regarding the nature of this interaction; another study suggests that the combination of vitamin E and cyclosporine may actually increase the effects of the medication. More research is needed to determine the safety of this combination.
Vitamin E supplements may benefit women taking hormone replacement therapy by improving lipid profiles.
Simultaneous supplementation with vitamins A, C, E, and selenium significantly reduced the effectiveness of this vermifuge (treatment to eradicate intestinal worms) in a study.
Tamoxifen, a hormonal treatment for breast cancer, increases blood levels of triglycerides, increasing one's chances of developing high cholesterol. In a study of 54 women with breast cancer, vitamins C and E, taken along with the tamoxifen, counteracted this by decreasing low density cholesterol and triglyceride levels while increasing high density cholesterol. The antioxidants also enhanced the anti-cancer action of the tamoxifen.
Taking vitamin E at the same time as warfarin, a blood-thinning medication, increases the risk of abnormal bleeding, especially in vitamin K-deficient individuals.
Orlistat, a medication used for weight loss and olestra, a substance added to certain food products, are both intended to bind to fat and prevent the absorption of fat and the associated calories. Because of their effects on fat, orlistat and olestra may also prevent the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E. Given this concern and possibility, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now requires that vitamin E and other fat soluble vitamins (namely, A, D, and K) be added to food products containing olestra. How well vitamin E from such food products is absorbed and used by the body is not clear. In addition, physicians who prescribe orlistat may add a multivitamin with fat soluble vitamins to the regimen.
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